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Smallpox and Epidemic Threat in Nineteenth-Century Xhosaland
African Studies :: Vol. 67, No. 2 (2008)
A brief, broad survey of the presence of smallpox in Xhosaland, followed by a closer examination of the disease and two efforts to vaccinate during the 1850s, exposes this serious threat to the Xhosa. Smallpox heightened tensions along the frontier during the time of Nongqawuse and contributed to the cataclysmic environment necessary for the Cattle-Killing.
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